Writing an argument

What makes a good argument? How can you ensure that the arguments you are making are valid and persuasive?

There are five main guidelines worth following to help you to develop an effective argument.

1. Acknowledge alternative perspectives

It’s easy to see things in black-and-white and fall heavily on one side or the other, but it is not helpful to view issues in this way. There is rarely a “right” or “wrong” answer to something. Even scientists can interpret the same data in different ways or use differing methods. Often, there are valid viewpoints on either side of a debate or multiple possible interpretations of an event or idea. In fact, it is probably this ambiguity or controversy which makes your topic worth exploring.

Examiners will assess if you have considered alternative interpretations and ideas. You are not undermining your own argument if you acknowledge counter-arguments. In fact, you can strengthen your own point if you explain why counter-arguments are weak or unjustified.

2. Support arguments with reliable evidence

In most cases, you will need to include evidence, examples or data to support the claims you make. In some cases, a reference to where you found the data will suffice. Remember, if any of your arguments rely on biased, non-credible or inaccurate sources, then those arguments will not be persuasive.

3. Make arguments relevant: answer the question

It may sound obvious, but it’s important to ensure that every point you make helps you answer the main research question. Your essay will be made up of a series of points which all play a meaningful role in the development of your overall argument: you should not make any points which are irrelevant to your final conclusion.

4. Be consistent: do not contradict yourself

Examiners look for a clear line of argument that is sustained throughout. You cannot change your mind halfway through the essay as it will confuse your reader and make your final argument less convincing. Moreover, you should make it clear where you are using your own argument in the language you use.

5. Ensure arguments are based on good logic: avoid logical fallacies

Arguments are based on reasons (or premises) which are either implied or explicit. If the premise is flawed or does not lead logically to the conclusion, then your argument will not be persuasive. Flawed arguments are sometimes called logical fallacies. You might encounter these types of arguments in the media, or conversation: some are easier to notice than others.

Having an awareness of common fallacies can help you identify flaws in your own reasoning as well in the arguments of those around you. You can see examples of fallacies and get advice on how you can avoid making the same mistakes by downloading ‘Common fallacies’ in the Downloads section.

The importance of an open mind

Keeping an open mind means questioning other people’s views and your own. By questioning ideas, you can make your writing more objective and develop more persuasive arguments based on reason and evidence. You will be practising this skill while studying the Theory of Knowledge part of your IB Diploma, so you can apply it as you write your essay.